劍橋雅思 17 閱讀原文翻譯 T1P2—Stadiums: Past, Present and Future

本篇文章共分 A-G 7 大段 (為配合題目出題，有些大段中包含 2-3 個小段)，從古代的環形競技場一路衍伸到今日具有發電功能的高雄國家體育場，從各種角度說明體育場在人類文明以及社會生活上所扮演的腳色。

本篇考題英文原文與對應之中文翻譯整理如下。練習作答解題時若有對語意不清楚之處，請仔細查閱對照，以提升閱讀理解能力。

1. 從古希臘到今日

   Stadiums are among the oldest forms of urban architecture: vast stadiums where the public could watch sporting events were at the centre of western city life as far back as the ancient Greek and Roman Empires, well before the construction of the great medieval cathedrals and the grand 19th- and 20th-century railway stations which dominated urban skylines in later eras.

   Today, however, stadiums are regarded with growing scepticism. Construction costs can soar above £1 billion, and stadiums finished for major events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup have notably fallen into disuse and disrepair.

   But this need not be the case. History shows that stadiums can drive urban development and adapt to the culture of every age. Even today, architects and planners are finding new ways to adapt the mono-functional sports arenas which became emblematic of modernisation during the 20th century.

   體育場是最古老的城市建築形式之一：早在古希臘和羅馬帝國時期，公眾可以觀看體育賽事的巨大體育場就已經成為西方城市生活的中心，遠早於中世紀的大教堂和 19 世紀和 20 世紀的宏偉火車站的建設，後者在後來的時代主導了城市天際線。

   然而，今天，人們對體育場館的看法越來越懷疑。建築成本可能會飆升至 10 億英鎊以上，而為奧運會或國際足聯世界盃等重大活動而建成的體育場館則明顯陷入了廢棄和失修狀態。

   但情況不一定是這樣。歷史表明，體育場館可以推動城市發展，適應每個時代的文化。即使在今天，建築師和規劃師也在尋找新的方法來改造 20 世紀成為現代化象徵的單一功能的體育場館。

2. 著名的古競技場

   The amphitheatre of Arles in southwest France, with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, is perhaps the best example of just how versatile stadiums can be. Built by the Romans in 90 AD, it became a fortress with four towers after the fifth century, and was then transformed into a village containing more than 200 houses. With the growing interest in conservation during the 19th century, it was converted back into an arena for the staging of bullfights, thereby returning the structure to its original use as a venue for public spectacles.

   Another example is the imposing arena of Verona in northern Italy, with space for 30,000 spectators, which was built 60 years before the Arles amphitheatre and 40 years before Rome’s famous Colosseum. It has endured the centuries and is currently considered one of the world’s prime sites for opera, thanks to its outstanding acoustics.

   位於法國西南部的阿爾勒競技場，可容納 25,000 名觀眾，也許是體育場館可以擁有多樣用途的最佳例子。其由羅馬人在西元 90 年建造，在五世紀後成為一個擁有四座塔樓的堡壘，然後被改造成一個包含 200 多座房舍的村莊。在 19 世紀，隨著人們對保育的興趣越來越濃厚，它又被改造成了一個用於舉辦鬥牛的競技場，從而使該結構恢復了其作為公共表演場所的最初用途。

   另一個例子是義大利北部維羅納的宏偉競技場，可容納 3 萬名觀眾，它比阿爾勒競技場早 60 年興建，比羅馬著名的競技場早 40 年。它經歷了幾個世紀的考驗，由於其出色的音響效果，目前被認為是世界上最好的歌劇場地之一。

3. 競技場融入城市結構

   The area in the centre of the Italian town of Lucca, known as the Piazza dell’Anfiteatro, is yet another impressive example of an amphitheatre becoming absorbed into the fabric of the city. The site evolved in a similar way to Arles and was progressively filled with buildings from the Middle Ages until the 19th century, variously used as houses, a salt depot and a prison. But rather than reverting to an arena, it became a market square, designed by Romanticist architect Lorenzo Nottolini. Today, the ruins of the amphitheatre remain embedded in the various shops and residences surrounding the public square.

   位於義大利盧卡鎮中心的區域，被稱為安菲塔特羅廣場，是另一個令人印象深刻的露天劇場融入到城市結構中的例子。這個地方的演變方式與阿爾勒競技場相似，從中世紀到 19 世紀逐漸被建築填滿，被用作住家、鹽庫和監獄。但它並沒有恢復為競技場，而是成為一個市場廣場，由浪漫主義建築師洛倫佐-諾托里尼設計。今天，圓形劇場的廢墟仍然鑲嵌在公共廣場周圍的各種商店和住宅中。

4. 20世紀的體育場

   There are many similarities between modern stadiums and the ancient amphitheatres intended for games. But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century, as stadiums were developed using new products such as steel and reinforced concrete, and made use of bright lights for night-time matches.

   Many such stadiums are situated in suburban areas, designed for sporting use only and surrounded by parking lots. These factors mean that they may not be as accessible to the general public, require more energy to run and contribute to urban heat.

   現代體育場和古代用於比賽的圓形劇場有許多相似之處。但在20 世紀初，隨著體育場館使用新產品，如鋼鐵和鋼筋混凝土的開發，並利用明亮的燈光進行夜間比賽，一些靈活性已經喪失。

   許多這樣的體育場館位於郊區，只為體育用途而設計，周圍有停車場。這些因素意味著它們可能不那麼容易到達，需要更多的能源來運營，並導致了城市升溫。

5. 體育場變身城市樞紐

   But many of today’s most innovative architects see scope for the stadium to help improve the city. Among the current strategies, two seem to be having particular success: the stadium as an urban hub, and as a power plant.

   There’s a growing trend for stadiums to be equipped with public spaces and services that serve a function beyond sport, such as hotels, retail outlets, conference centres, restaurants and bars, children’s playgrounds and green space. Creating mixed-use developments such as this reinforces compactness and multi-functionality, making more efficient use of land and helping to regenerate urban spaces.

   This opens the space up to families and a wider cross-section of society, instead of catering only to sportspeople and supporters. There have been many examples of this in the United Kingdom: the mixed-use facilities at Wembley and Old Trafford have become a blueprint for many other stadiums in the world.

   但當今許多最具創新精神的建築師看到了體育場幫助改善城市的空間。在目前的策略中，有兩項似乎特別成功：體育場作為城市樞紐，以及作為發電廠。

   越來越多的趨勢是，體育場館配備公共空間和服務，具有體育以外的功能，如酒店、零售店、會議中心、餐廳和酒吧、兒童遊樂場和綠色空間。創建這樣的混合用途開發專案，加強了緊湊性和多功能性，更有效地利用了土地，有助於城市空間的再生。

   這為家庭和更廣泛的社會階層開放了空間，而不是只滿足於體育人和支持者。在英國已經有很多這樣的例子：溫布頓和老特拉福德的混合用途設施已經成為世界上許多其他體育場的藍圖。

6. 體育場斜槓發電站

   The phenomenon of stadiums as power stations has arisen from the idea that energy problems can be overcome by integrating interconnected buildings by means of a smart grid, which is an electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology to detect and react to local changes in usage, without significant energy losses. Stadiums are ideal for these purposes, because their canopies have a large surface area for fitting photovoltaic panels and rise high enough (more than 40 metres) to make use of micro wind turbines.

   Freiburg Mage Solar Stadium in Germany is the first of a new wave of stadiums as power plants, which also includes the Amsterdam Arena and the Kaohsiung Stadium. The latter, inaugurated in 2009, has 8,844 photovoltaic panels producing up to 1.14 GWh of electricity annually. This reduces the annual output of carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplies up to 80 percent of the surrounding area when the stadium is not in use. This is proof that a stadium can serve its city, and have a decidedly positive impact in terms of reduction of CO₂ emissions.

   體育場館作為發電站的現象是從這樣的想法來的：通過智慧電網整合相互連接的建築物，可以克服能源問題，智慧電網是一種電力供應網路，使用數位通信技術來檢測和應對當地的用電變化，而不會產生重大的能源損失。體育場館是這些目的的理想選擇，因為它們的頂棚有很大的表面積，可以安裝光伏板，而且高度足夠高（超過 40米），可以使用微型風力渦輪機。

   德國的弗萊堡馬奇太陽能體育場是新一輪體育場館發電站中的第一個，其中還包括阿姆斯特丹競技場和高雄國家體育場。後者於 2009 年落成，擁有 8,844 塊光伏電池板，每年生產高達 1.14GWh 的電力。這減少了每年 660 噸的二氧化碳輸出，並在體育場不使用時為周圍地區提供多達 80% 的電力。這證明了體育場可以為其城市服務，並在減少二氧化碳排放方面具有明顯的積極影響。

7. 體育場的永續發展

   Sporting arenas have always been central to the life and culture of cities. In every era, the stadium has acquired new value and uses: from military fortress to residential village, public space to theatre and most recently a field for experimentation in advanced engineering.

   The stadium of today now brings together multiple functions, thus helping cities to create a sustainable future.

   體育場館一直是城市生活和文化的核心。在每個時代，體育場都獲得了新的價值和用途：從軍事要塞到住宅村落，從公共空間到劇院，以及最近成為先進工程的實驗場。

   現在的體育場館彙集了多種功能，從而幫助城市創造一個可永續的未來。