The Cave Paintings of Lascaux 拉斯科洞穴壁畫

托福 TPO 069 考題符合托福 iBT 整合寫作的標準格式：在閱讀內容部分，作者提出三個理由用以主張繪畫中動物的目的是希望保佑狩獵成功。而在講課內容部分，則對此三項理由一一加以反駁。

在閱讀內容方面出現一些專業術語，但是都不難理解，因為文章都有附上補充說明。而在講課內容中，均沿用閱讀段落的術語，並沒有出現新的專業詞彙，所以不會有聽力部分遭到突襲的憂慮。

整篇難度屬於中等程度。只要能夠掌握整合寫作的聽力技巧、寫作格式、並通曉評分原則，應該能夠拿到至少 25 分。

本份考題英文原文與對應之中文翻譯整理如下。練習作答解題時若有對語意不清楚之處，請仔細查閱對照，以提升閱讀與聽力的理解能力。

Reading 閱讀內容

1.  

   The cave paintings of Lascaux (in southwestern France) date to around 15,000 B.C.E. and are among the finest examples of prehistoric art known. Ever since the paintings were discovered, scholars have puzzled over their purpose. According to one widely discussed interpretation, the paintings were made to ensure a successful hunt. Several considerations support this view.

   點此看中文翻譯

   拉斯科洞穴壁畫（位於法國西南部）可追溯到公元前 15,000 年左右，是已知史前藝術中最優秀的例子之一。自從這些畫作被發現以來，學者們一直對其目的感到疑惑。根據一種廣泛討論的解釋，這些畫是為了確保狩獵的成功。有幾個因素支持此一觀點。

2.  

   In the first place, there is the animal subject matter of the paintings. The cave images are almost exclusively of large mammals. These animals include bison, wild horses, and now-extinct aurochs (wild cattle), which are known to have been hunted by the Paleolithic people who created the paintings. A number of the animals are shown wounded by arrows and spears. There are also depictions of what appears to be the seasonal migrations of these animals that would have been very important to prehistoric hunters.

   點此看中文翻譯

   首先，畫中的動物題材。洞穴中的圖像幾乎都是大型哺乳動物。這些動物包括野牛、野馬和現已滅絕的野牛，據瞭解，創作這些畫的舊石器時代的人曾獵殺過這些動物。一些動物被箭和矛所傷。還有一些描繪的似乎是這些動物的季節性遷移，這對史前獵人來說是非常重要的。

3.  

   Second, the depictions of humans in the cave paintings include human figures that appear to have animal heads. These could be hunters: hunters in some traditional cultures are known to disguise themselves with animal heads so that they are not recognized by the animals they are hunting.

   點此看中文翻譯

   第二，洞穴壁畫中對人類的描述包括似乎帶著動物頭顱的人類形象。這些人可能是獵人：眾所周知，在一些傳統文化中，獵人會用動物的頭來偽裝自己，這樣他們就不會被他們所獵殺的動物認出。

4.  

   Third, many cultures hold the belief that by depicting an event one can bring about its reality. Throughout history–prehistoric, ancient, and modern–images have been regarded as more than mere decorative representations; they are seen as having magical power to affect reality. Thus, it is reasonable to suppose that the hunters who created the Lascaux cave paintings believed that by painting successful hunts, they were ensuring that real hunts would be successful.

   點此看中文翻譯

   第三，許多文化都相信，通過描述一個事件，可以帶來它的現實。縱觀歷史—史前、古代和現代—圖像已被視為不僅僅是裝飾性的表現；它們被視為具有影響現實的神奇力量。因此，我們有理由認為，創作拉斯科洞穴壁畫的獵人相信，通過描繪成功的狩獵，他們就能確保真正的狩獵成功。

Lecture 講課內容

提供講課內容的中文翻譯有兩個目的。首先是幫助聽力有困難的同學能夠快速且精確地了解原文的意思。而更重要的原因是，提供給練習英語口語表達的讀者訓練的素材。

由於每個人的知識範疇各不相同，因此碰到超出自己專長的領域，常常會啞口無言，無話可說。這對練習英語表達是一項非常難以克服的障礙。所以參考托福整合寫作英語原稿，既可以讓自我練習英語聽力或會話時有貼切適當的素材，同時也能學些道地的表達方式，實是一舉數得。

使用上，可以在聽完一、兩次原始音檔之後，試著一邊看中文譯稿，一邊流利、正確地用英語說出文中的內容。多次練習之後，未來自然能夠在碰到同樣主題時與人侃侃而談。

1.  

   Now, listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.

   The truth is we don’t know why the Lascaux cave paintings were created. The reading selection suggests that ensuring successful hunts is the answer. But while this view is popular, there is little actual support for it.

   點此看中文翻譯

   事實上，我們不知道拉斯科洞窟畫的創作原因。閱讀選文指出，確保成功的狩獵是答案。但是，雖然這種觀點很流行，但卻沒有什麼實際的支持作用。

2.  

   First of all, the animals in the paintings. Yes, some of them were hunted by the cave painters, but many of the animals painted were probably not hunted, for example, rhinoceroses and cats. And while archeological evidence indicates that reindeer were the most hunted animals, reindeer aren’t painted at all. Moreover, only a small percentage of the animals are shown wounded by spears or arrows. So they cannot support the view that the cave paintings were specifically associated with hunting.

   點此看中文翻譯

   首先，畫中的動物。的確，其中一些是洞穴畫家獵殺的，但許多畫中的動物可能不是獵殺的，例如犀牛和貓。而且，雖然考古證據表明，馴鹿是被獵殺最多的動物，但馴鹿根本就沒有被畫出來。此外，只有一小部分的動物被長矛或箭所傷。所以它們不能支持洞穴壁畫專門與狩獵有關的觀點。

3.  

   Second, the human figures in the paintings. Some tribal hunters may have used animal heads while hunting, but the human figures with the animal heads in the cave paintings are not shown hunting. They are not even standing up. Instead, the figures are shown in a horizontal position on their backs like they were asleep. And the figures are not presented with other images that might help us interpret them. So we just don’t know what these pictures are about.

   點此看中文翻譯

   第二，畫中的人像。一些部落的獵人可能在打獵時使用獸首，但洞窟壁畫中帶有獸首的人像並沒有表現出在打獵。他們甚至沒有站起來。相反，這些人物是以水平姿勢仰臥的，就像睡著了一樣。而且，這些人物沒有呈現其他可能幫助我們解釋他們的圖像。所以我們不知道這些圖片是關於什麼的。

4.  

   Third, the fact that images are often considered to have magical properties doesn’t necessarily mean that the purpose of the magic was to ensure successful hunting. The Lascaux cave images may have had a different type of magical use. For example, many cultures believe that the spirits of their ancestors live on in some animals around them. People in such cultures believe they can communicate with ancestor spirits through ceremonies in which images of the animals play an important role. The Lascaux cave paintings may have played a role in these kinds of magical ceremonies.

   點此看中文翻譯

   第三，圖像通常被認為具有魔力，但這並不一定意味著魔力的目的是為了確保狩獵的成功。拉斯科洞窟的圖像可能有不同類型的魔法用途。例如，許多文化相信，他們祖先的靈魂活在他們周圍的一些動物身上。在這種文化中，人們相信他們可以通過儀式與祖先的靈魂溝通，而動物的圖像在這些儀式中發揮著重要作用。拉斯科洞窟壁畫可能在這類神奇的儀式中發揮了作用。