Sam
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Sam.
Neil
And I’m Neil.
Sam
In this programme we’re finding out all about food flavours. Although everyone knows what food they like the taste of, the science behind flavours is complex. Flavour involves much more than tasting with the tongue – it’s also influenced by how food looks, smells, and even how it’s described.
Neil
In this programme we’ll be meeting the flavourists – scientists who combine different natural and artificial ingredients to create the flavours we love to taste in our food. And of course, we’ll be learning some new vocabulary as well.
Sam
Sounds delicious, Neil, but first I have a question for you. No-one really knows why but certain flavours seem to work well together. Some scientists think classic combinations like lemon and lime, or strawberries and cream are so popular because their chemicals overlap in special ways. Sometimes this creates new, interesting and unusual flavours. So, what weirdly popular combination was invented by British chef, Heston Blumenthal? Was it…
a) dark chocolate and sea salt?
b) milk chocolate and chilli? or,
c) white chocolate and caviar?
Neil
Well, I’ve tried sea salt and chocolate and I think it tastes great, so I’ll say a).
Sam
OK, Neil. I’ll reveal the correct answer at the end of the programme.
Neil
Nowadays, the flavour industry is big business. Flavourists work in high-tech laboratories and every new ice-cream, crisp or toothpaste flavour is the result of years of scientific research. But it wasn’t always like that.
Here’s food historian, Dr Nadia Berenstein, describing the beginnings of the flavour industry in the 19th century to Ruth Alexander, presenter of BBC World Service programme, The Food Chain…
Dr Nadia Berenstein
There's really only a handful of people and maybe a dozen or so companies that are really involved, and at that point they really are kind of working with secret recipes that were kept very secure, and sometimes passed down within families from father to son, so it really seemed like a guild structure from the Middle Ages at that point.
Ruth Alexander
Was it seen as some kind of dark art?
Dr Nadia Berenstein
Yes, the term black art does come up in some of the early writing of people who were producing flavours at this point.
Sam
To begin with, there were only around dozen, that’s twelve, companies experimenting with food flavours. The recipes they used were kept secret and only shared with family or trusted friends. Dr Berenstein compares these companies to a guild - an organization of people who do the same job or have the same interests.
Neil
Because it was so secretive and mysterious, people saw making flavours as a dark art - a method of achieving something in a clever but dishonest or wicked way. But this all changed after the Second World War, when the invention of processed food which could be bought in supermarkets, and kept fresh at home in the fridge, increased the demand for new and exciting flavours.
Sam
Here’s Dr Berenstein again, explaining the work of present-day flavourists to BBC World Service programme, The Food Chain…
Dr Nadia Berenstein
So, essentially becoming a flavourist today is still an apprenticeship process. There's no academic path to it, right. Your training is on-the-job, working alongside a master flavourist at a flavour and fragrance company, or at some of the bigger food companies will have their own flavour divisions. It’s a scientific profession for sure. You have to know a lot about chemistry, but it is a creative profession. At the very heart of this industrial food system, there are these craft artisans who are essentially designing molecule by molecule, the flavours that shape the way food is made to taste.
Neil
Today’s flavourists learn their art by serving an apprenticeship – a period of time spent working for a skilled master, often for low payment, in order to learn their skills. Although a background in chemistry is important, you can’t study flavours at university – the training happens on-the-job, at your place of work, while you are working.
Sam
Dr Berenstein calls flavourists craft artisans – people doing skilled work with their hands, and she describes their creations as the marriage of science and art.
Neil
Yes, I love the idea of the flavourist as a magician, adding a pinch of this flavour, or a drop of that oil to create the perfect, magical taste! I wonder if that’s what British chef, Heston Blumenthal, was trying to do…
Sam
In my question, I asked what popular flavour combination was invented by chef, Heston Blumenthal?
Neil
I said it was a) dark chocolate and sea salt. So, was I right?
Sam
Well, it’s true that sweet and salty flavours go together well, but the correct answer was… white chocolate and caviar, a combination described by Swiss master flavourist, François Benzi, as “weird but wonderful”. Right, let’s recap the vocabulary we’ve learned, starting with a dozen which means twelve.
Neil
Something described as a dark art refers to a method of achieving something in a clever but dishonest way.
Sam
A guild is an organization of people who do the same job.
Neil
An apprenticeship is the period of time an apprentice spends watching and working with a skilled master in order to learn their skills.
Sam
When you do something on-the-job, it happens in the workplace, while you are working.
Neil
And finally, an artisan is a person doing skilled work with their hands. Once again, our six minutes are up. Bye for now!
Sam
Bye!
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